Hello Friends if you are looking for SAP ABAP Interview Questions for Freshers and experience person then here you will get answers along with Questions.

SAP ABAP Interview Questions with Answers | SAP ABAP on Hana Interview Questions with Answers | SAP ABAP Freshers Interview Questions | SAP ABAP Experience 3+ Years Interview Questions and Questions.

SAP R/3 ARCHITECTURE

1.What guarantees the integration of all application modules?

The R/3 basis system guarantees the integration of all application modules. The R/3 basis s/w provides the run time environment for the R/3 applications ensures optimal integration, defines a stable architectural frame for system enhancements, and contains the administration tools for the
entire system. One of the main tasks of the basis system is to guarantee the portability of the complete system.

What are the central interfaces of the R/3 system?

1. Presentation Interface.
2. Database Interface.
3. Operating system Interface.

Which interface controls what is shown on the p.c.?

Presentation Interface.

Which interface converts SQL requirements in the SAP development system to those of the database?

Database Interface.

What is SAP dispatcher?

SAP dispatcher is the control agent that manages the resources for the R/3 applications.

What are the functions of dispatcher?

Equal distribution of transaction load to the work processes.
Management of buffer areas in main memory.
Integration of the presentation levels.
Organization of communication activities.

What is a work process?

A work process is where individual dialog steps are actually processed and the work is done. Each work process handles one type of request.

Name various work processes of R/3 system?

Dialog or Online (processes only one request at a time).
Background (Started at a specific time)
Update (primary or secondary)
Enque (Lock mechanism).
Spool (generated online or during back ground processing for printing).

Explain about the two services that are used to deal with communication.

Message Service: Used by the application servers to exchange short internal messages, all system communications.
Gateway Service: Enables communication between R/3 and external applications using CPI-C protocol.

Which work process triggers database changes?

Update work process.

Define service in SAP (within R/3)?

A service is a process or group of processes that perform a specific system function and often
provide an application-programming interface for other processes to call.

What are the roll and page areas?

Roll and page areas are SAP R/3 buffers used to store user contexts (process requests). The SAP dispatcher assigns process requests to work processes as they are queued in the roll and page areas.
Paging area holds data from the application programs.
Roll area holds data from previous dialog steps and data that characterize the user.

What are the different layers in R/3 system?

Presentation Layer.
Application Layer.
Database Layer.

What are the phases of background processing?

Job Scheduling.
Job Processing.
Job Overview.

What components of the R/e system initiate the start of background jobs at the specified time?

The batch scheduler initiates the start of background job. The dispatcher then sends this request
to an available background work process for processing.

Define Instance in SAP .

An instance is an administrative unit in which components of an R/3 systems providing one or more services are grouped together. The services offered by an instance are started and stopped at random. All components are parameterized using a joint instance profile. A central R/3 system consists of a single instance in which all-necessary SAP services are offered. Each
instance uses separate buffer areas.

From hardware perspective, every information system can be divided into three task areas Presentation, Application Logic and Data Storage.

The R/3 Basis software is highly suitable for use in multi-level client/server architectures.

What are R/3 Basis configurations?

A central system with centrally installed presentation software.
Two-level client/server system with rolled out presentation software.
Two-level client/server system. Presentation and Application run on the same computer. Three-level client/server system. Presentation, Application and database each run on separate computers.

What is a Service in SAP terminology?

A service refers to something offered by a s/w component.

What is Server in SAP terminology?

A component can consist of one process or a group and is then called the server for the respective service.

What is a client in SAP terminology?

A S/W component that uses the service (offered by a s/w component) is called a Client. At the same time these clients may also be servers for other services.

What is a SAP system?

The union of all s/w components that are assigned to the same databases is called as a SAP system.

What is the means of communications between R/3 and external applications?

The means of communication between R/2,R/3 and external applications is via the CPI-C
handler or SAP Gateway, using the CPI-C Protocol.

What is the protocol used by SAP Gateway process?

The SAP Gateway process communicates with the clients based on the TCP/IP Protocol.

Expand CPI-C in SAP

Common Program Interface Communication.

What is a Spool request?

Spool requests are generated during dialog or background processing and placed in the spool database with information about the printer and print format. The actual data is places in the
Tem Se (Temporary Sequential objects).

What are different types of Log records?

V1 and V2. V1 must be processed before V2. But, we can have more than one V2 logs.

What are the types of Update requests?

An update request can be divided into one primary (V1) and several Secondary update components (V2). Time-critical operations are placed in V1 component and those whose timing is less critical are placed in V2 components. If a V1 update fails, V2 components will not be
processed.

Explain what is a transaction in SAP terminology.

In SAP terminology, a transaction is series of logically connected dialog steps.

Explain how SAP GUI handles output screen for the user.

The SAP front-end s/w can either run on the same computer or on different computers provided for that purpose. User terminal input is accepted by the SAP terminal program SAP GUI, converted to SAP proprietary format and sent to the SAP dispatcher. The dispatcher coordinates the information exchange between the SAP GUIs and the work processes. The dispatcher first
places the processing request in request queues, which it then processes. The dispatcher dispatches the requests one after another, to the available work process. The actual processing takes place in the work process. When processing is complete, the result of a work process is
returned via the dispatcher to the SAP GUI. The SAP GUI interprets the received data and generates the output screen for the user.

DATA DICTIONARY

What are the layers of data description in R/3?

1. The external layer.
2. The ABAP/4 layer.
3. The database layer.

Define external layer?

The external layer is the plane at which the user sees and interacts with the data, that is, the data format in the user interface. This data format is independent of the database system used.

Define ABAP/4 layer?

The ABAP/4 layer describes the data formats used by the ABAP/4 processor.

Define Database layer?

The database layer describes the data formats used in the database.

What is a Data Class?

The Data class determines in which table space the table is stored when it is created in the database.

What is a Size Category?

The Size category describes the probable space requirement of the table in the database.

How many types of size categories and data classes are there?

There are five size categories (0-4) and 11 data classes only three of which are appropriate for application tables:
1.APPL0- Master data (data frequently accessed but rarely updated).
2.APPL1- Transaction data (data that is changed frequently).
3.APPL2- Organizational data (customizing data that is entered when system is configured and then rarely changed).
The other two types are:
1.USR
2.USR1 – Intended for customer’s own developments.

What are control tables?

The values specified for the size category and data class are mapped to database-specific values via control tables.

What is the function of the transport system and workbench organizer?

The function of the transport system and the Workbench Organizer is to manage any changes made to objects of the ABAP/4 Development Workbench and to transport these changes between different SAP systems.

What is a table pool?

A table pool (or pool) is used to combine several logical tables in the ABAP/4 Dictionary. The definition of a pool consists of at least two key fields and a long argument field (VARDATA).

What are pooled tables?

These are logical tables, which must be assigned to a table pool when they are defined. Pooled tables can be used to store control data (such as screen sequences or program parameters).

What is a table cluster?

A table cluster combines several logical tables in the ABAP/4 Dictionary. Several logical rows from different cluster tables are brought together in a single physical record. The records from the cluster tables assigned to a cluster are thus stored in a single common table in the database.

How can we access the correction and transport system?

Each time you create a new object or change an existing object in the ABAP/4 Dictionary, you branch automatically to the Workbench Organizer or correction and transport system.

Which objects are independent transport objects?
Domains, Data elements, Tables, Technical settings for tables, Secondary indexes for
transparent tables, Structures, Views, Matchcode objects, Matchcode Ids, Lock objects.

How is conversion of data types done between ABAP/4 & DB layer?

Conversion between ABAP/4 data types and the database layer is done within the database interface.

How is conversion of data types done between ABAP/4 & external level?

Conversion between the external layer and the ABAP/4 layer is done in the SAP dialog manager DYNP.

What are the Data types of the external layer?

ACCP, Char, CLNT, CUKY, CURR, DATS, DESC, FLTP, INT1, INT2, INT4, LANG, LCHR, LRAW, NUMC, PREC, QUAN, RAW, TIMS, UNIT,VARC

What are the Data types of the ABAP/4 layer?

Possible ABAP/4 data types:
C: Character.
D: Date, format YYYYMMDD.
F: Floating-point number in DOUBLE PRECISION (8 bytes).
I: Integer.
N: Numerical character string of arbitrary length.
P: Amount of counter field (packed; implementation depends on h/w platform).
S: Time Stamp YYYYMMDDHHMMSS.
V: Character string of variable length, length is given in the first two bytes.
X: Hexadecimal (binary) storage.

How can we set the table spaces and extent sizes?

You can specify the extent sizes and the table space (physical storage area in the database) in which a transparent table is to be stored by setting the size category and data class.

What is the function of the correction system?

The correction system manages changes to internal system components. Such as objects ofnthe ABAP/4 Dictionary.

What are local objects?

Local objects (Dev class$TMP) are independent of correction and transport system.

What is a Development class?

Related objects from the ABAP/4 repository are assigned to the same development class. This enables you to correct and transport related objects as a unit.

What is a data dictionary?

Data Dictionary is a central source of data in a data management system. Its main function is to support the creation and management of data definitions. It has details about
1.What data is contained?
2.What are the attributes of the data?
3.What is the relationship existing between the various data elements?

What functions does a data dictionary perform?

In a data management system, the principal functions performed by the data dictionary are
1.Management of data definitions.

2.Provision of information for evaluation.
3. Support for s/w development.
4. Support form documentation.
5. Ensuring that the data definitions are flexible and up-to-date.

What are the features of ABAP/4 Dictionary?

The most important features are:
1.Integrated to aABAP/4 Development Workbench.
2. Active in the runtime environment.

What are the uses of the information in the Data dictionary?

The following information is directly taken from the Data dictionary:
1.Information on fields displayed with F1 help.
2.Possible entries for fields displayed with F4 help.
3.Matchcode and help views search utilities.

What are the basic objects of the data dictionary?

• Tables
• Domains
• Data elements
• Structures
• Foreign Keys

What are the aggregate objects in the data dictionary?

• Views
• Match codes
• Lock objects.

In the ABAP/4 Dictionary Tables can be defined independent of the underlying database (T/F).

True.

A field containing currency amounts (data type CURR) must be assigned to a reference table and a reference field. Explain.

As a reference table, a system containing all the valid currencies is assigned or any other table, which contains a field with the currency key format. This field is called as reference field. The assignment of the field containing currency amounts to the reference field is made at runtime. The value in the reference field determines the currency of the amount.

A field containing quantity amounts (data type QUAN) must be assigned to a reference table and a reference field. Explain?

As a reference table, a system table containing all the valid quantity units is assigned or any other table, which contains a field with the format or quantity units (data type UNIT). This field is called as reference field.
The assignment of the field containing quantity amounts to the reference field is made at runtime. The value in the reference field determines the quantity unit of the amount.

What is the significance of Technical settings (specified while creating a table in the data dictionary)?

By specifying technical settings we can control how database tables are
created in the database. The technical settings allows us to

• Optimize storage space requirements.
• Table access behavior.
• Buffering required.
• Changes to entries logged.

What is a Table attribute?

The table’s attributes determine who is responsible for maintaining a table and which types of access are allowed for the table. The most important table attributes are:

• Delivery class.
• Table maintenance allowed.
• Activation type.

What is the significance of Delivery Class?

• The delivery class controls the degree to which the SAP or the customer is responsible for table maintenance.
• Whether SAP provides the table with or without contents.
• Determines the table type.
• Determines how the table behaves when it is first installed, at upgrade, when it is transported, and when a client copy is performed.

What is the max. no. Of structures that can be included in a table or structure.

Nine.

What are two methods of modifying SAP standard tables?

• Append Structures and
• Customizing Includes.

What is the difference between a Substructure and an Append Structure?

• In case of a substructure, the reference originates in the table itself, in the form of a statement include….
• In case of an append structure, the table itself remains unchanged and the reference originates in the append structure.

To how many tables can an append structure be assigned.

One.

If a table that is to be extended contains a long field, we cannot use append structures why?

Long fields in a table must always be located in the end, as the last field of the table. If a table has an append structure the append line must also be on the last field of the table.

Can we include customizing include or an append structure with Pooled or Cluster tables?

No.

What are the two ways for restricting the value range for a domain?

• By specifying fixed values.
• By stipulating a value table.

Structures can contain data only during the runtime of a program (T/F)

True.

What are the aggregate objects in the Dictionary?

• Views
• Match Code.
• Lock Object.

What are base tables of an aggregate object?

The tables making up an aggregate object (primary and secondary) are called aggregate object.

The data of a view is not physically stored, but derived from one or more tables (t/f)

True.

What are the 2 other types of Views, which are not allowed in Release 3.0?

• Structure Views.
• Entity Views.

What is a Match Code?

Match code is a tool to help us to search for data records in the system. Match Codes are an efficient and user-friendly search aid where key of a record is unknown.

What are the two levels in defining a Match Code?

• Match Code Object.
• Match Code Id.

What is the max no of match code Id’s that can be defined for one Match code object?

A match code Id is a one character ID that can be a letter or a number.

Can we define our own Match Code ID’s for SAP Matchcodes?

Yes, the number 0 to 9 are reserved for us to create our own Match Code Ids for a SAP defined Matchcode object.

What is an Update type with reference to a Match code ID?

If the data in one of the base tables of a matchcode ID changes, the matchcode data has to be updated. The update type stipulates when the matchcode is to be updated and how it is to be done. The update type also specifies which method is to be used for Building matchcodes.
You must specify the update type when you define a matchcode ID.

Can matchcode object contain Ids with different update types?

Yes.

What are the update types possible?

The following update types are possible:

• Update type A: The matchcode data is updated asynchronously to database
• changes.
• Update type S: The matchcode data is updated synchronously to database
• changes.
• Update type P: The matchcode data is updated by the application program.
• Update type I: Access to the matchcode data is managed using a database view.
• Update type L: Access to the matchcode is achieved by calling a function module.

What are the two different ways of building a match code object?

A match code can be built in two different ways:

• Logical structure: The matchcode data is set up temporarily at the moment when the match code is accessed. (Update type I, k).
• Physical Structure: The match code data is physically stored in a separate table in the database. (Update type A, S, P).

What are the differences between a Database index and a match code?

• Match code can contain fields from several tables whereas an index can contain fields from only one table.
• Match code objects can be built on transparent tables and pooled and cluster tables.

What is the function of a Domain?

• A domain describes the technical settings of a table field.
• A domain defines a value range, which sets the permissible data values for the fields, which refers to this domain.
• A single domain can be used as basis for any number of fields that are identical in structure.

Can you delete a domain, which is being used by data elements?

No.

What are conversion routines?

Non-standard conversions from display format to sap internal format and vice-versa are implemented with so called conversion routines.

What is the function of a data element?

A data element describes the role played by a domain in a technical context. A data element contains semantic information.

Can a domain, assigned to a data element be changed?

Yes. We can do so by just overwriting the entry in the field domain.

Can you delete data element, which is being used by table fields.

No.

Can you define a field without a data element?

Yes. If you want to specify no data element and therefore no domain for a field, you can enter data type and field length and a short text directly in the table maintenance.

What are null values?

If the value of a field in a table is undefined or unknown, it is called a null value.

What is the difference between a structure and a table?

Structures are constructed the almost the same way as tables, the only difference using that no database table is generated from them.

What is a view?

A view is a logical view on one or more tables. A view on one or more tables i.e., the data from a view is not actually physically stored instead being derived from one or more tables.

How many types of Views are there?

• Database View
• Help View
• Projection View
• Maintenance View

What is Locking?

When two users simultaneously attempt to access the same data record, this is synchronized by a lock mechanism.

What is database utility?

Database utility is the interface between the ABAP/4 Dictionary and the underlying the SAP system.

What are the basic functions of Database utility?

The basic functions of database utility are:

• Create database objects.
• Delete database objects.
• Adjust database objects to changed ABAP/4 dictionary definition.

What is Repository Info. Systems?

It is a tool with which you can make data stored in the ABAP/4 Dictionary available.

MODULARIZATION

Does every ABAP/4 have a modular structure?

Yes.

What is Modularization and its benefits?

If the program contains the same or similar blocks of statements or it is required to process the same function several times, we can avoid redundancy by using modularization techniques. By modularizing the ABAP/4 programs we make them easy to read and improve their structure. Modularized programs are also easier to maintain and to update.

Name the ABAP/4 Modularization techniques.

• Source code module.
• Subroutines.
• Functions.

How can we create callable modules of program code within one ABAP/4 program?

By defining Macros.
By creating include programs in the library.

Is it possible to pass data to and from include programs explicitly?

No. If it is required to pass data to and from modules it is required to use subroutines or function modules.

What are subroutines?

Subroutines are program modules, which can be called from other ABAP/4 programs or within the same program.

What are the types of Subroutines?

• Internal Subroutines: The source code of the internal subroutines will be in the same ABAP/4 program as the calling procedure (internal call).
• External Subroutines: The source code of the external subroutines will be in an ABAP/4 program other than the calling procedure.

It is not possible to create an ABAP/4 program, which contains only Subroutines (T/F).

False.

A subroutine can contain nested form and endform blocks. (T/F)

False.

What are the different types of parameters?

Formal Parameters: Parameters, which are defined during the definition of subroutine with the FORM statement.
Actual Parameters: Parameters which are specified during the call of a subroutine with the PERFORM statement.

How can one distinguish between different kinds of parameters?

1. Input parameters are used to pass data to subroutines.
2. Output parameters are used to pass data from subroutines.

What are the different methods of passing data?

• Calling by reference: During a subroutine call, only the address of the actual parameter is transferred to the formal parameters. The formal parameter has no memory of its own, and we work with the field of the calling program within the subroutine. If we change the formal parameter, the field contents in the calling program also changes.
• Calling by value: During a subroutine call, the formal parameters are created as copies of the actual parameters. The formal parameters have memory of their own. Changes to the formal parameters have no effect on the actual parameters.
• Calling by value and result: During a subroutine call, the formal parameters are created as copies of the actual parameters. The formal parameters have their own memory space. Changes to the formal parameters are copied to the actual parameters at the end of the subroutine.

How can an internal table with Header line and one without header line be distinguished when passed to a subroutine?

Itab[] is used in the form and endform if the internal table is passed with a header line.

What should be declared explicitly in the corresponding ABAP/4 Statements to access internal tables without header lines & why?

Work Area. This is required as the Work Area is the interface for transferring data to and
from the table.

A subroutine can be terminated unconditionally using EXIT. (T/F)

True

What is the difference between the function module and a normal ABAP/4 subroutine?

In contrast to normal subroutines function modules have uniquely defined interface. Declaring data as common parts is not possible for function modules. Function modules are stored in a central library.

What is a function group?

A function group is a collection of logically related modules that share global data with each other. All the modules in the group are included in the same main program. When an ABAP/4 program contains a CALL FUNCTION statement, the system loads the entire function group in with the program code at runtime. Every function module belongs to a function group.

What is the disadvantage of a call by reference?

During a call by reference damage or loss of data is not restricted to the subroutine, but will instantly lead to changes to the original data objects.

A function module can be called from a transaction screen outside an ABAP/4 program. (T/F).

True.

What is an update task?

It is an SAP provided procedure for updating a database.

What happens if a function module runs in an update task?

The system performs the module processing asynchronously. Instead of carrying out the call immediately, the system waits until the next database update is triggered with the ‘COMMIT WORK’ command.

When a function module is activated syntax checking is performed automatically. (Y/N)

True.

What is the use of the RAISING exception?

The raising exception determines whether the calling program will handle the exception itself or leave the exception to the system.

What is the difference between internal tables and extract datasets?

• The lines of an internal table always have the same structure. By using extract datasets, you can handle groups of data with different structure and get statistical figures from the grouped data.
• You have to define the structure of the internal table at the beginning. You need not define the structure of the extract dataset.
• In contrast to internal tables, the system partly compresses exact datasets when storing them. This reduces the storage space required.
• Internal tables require special work area for interface whereas extract datasets do not need a special work area for interface.

It is possible to assign a local data object defined in a subroutine or function module to a field group. (T/F).

False.

What is the difference between field-group header and other field groups?

The header field group is a special field group for the sort criteria. The system automatically prefixes any other field groups with the header field group.

Can a filed occur in several field groups.

Yes. But it leads to unnecessary data redundancy.

What does the insert statement in extract datasets do?

It defines the fields of a field group.

What does the extract statement do in extract datasets?

The data is written to virtual memory by extract commands.

A field-groups statement or an insert statement reverses storage space and transfers values. (T/F).

False.

While using extract datasets it is required to have a special workarea for interface (T/F)

False.

The LOOP-ENDLOOP on extract datasets can be used without any kind of errors (T/F)

False. It causes runtime errors.

While sorting field groups we cannot use more than one key field (T/F).

False.

LOGICAL DATABASE

What happens if a report does not contain a GET statement for a particular node of a Logical Database.

Process will transfer to the next event.

It is mandatory that for each table in the LDB hierarchy there should exist one GET statement in the report. (T/F).

False. It is not necessary.

In LDB what determines hierarchy of the tables?

Structure.

With LDB one can modify the pre-generated selection screen to their needs (T/F).

True

In sense of Database Management System (DBMS) LOGICAL DATABASE is a database Structure. (T/F).

False.

It is not necessary to maintain the Parent-Child relationship between the tables in Logical Database Structure. (T/F)

False. One has to maintain the Parent-Child relationship.

Is it possible to extract data from tables without using the event ‘GET’ in the report with an appropriate LDB. (T/F).

False. One can extract data from tables using Select statements in a report, though the report is having a LDB attribute.

What sorts of tables one can se in designing the hierarchy of a LDB?

Tables, which are having Foreign Key relations.

One cannot use SELECT statements in a report program linked to a Logical Database (T/F).

False.

Is it true that the Logical Database reads the data from the database tables using Select Statements (T/F).

Yes. We are coding that in Database part of LDB.

In a report with an LDB attribute, you do not have to define how the information should be retrieved from the database tables, but only how the data should be represented on the
screen. (T/F).

True.

One can use the event GET in a report without LDB attribute. (T/F).

False.

It is mandatory that for each table in the LDB hierarchy there should exist one GET statement in the report. (T/F).

False. It is not necessary.

What happens if a report does not contain a GET statement for a particular node of a Logical Database.

Process will transfer to the next event.

Suppose a logical database program contains the following lines:SELECT-OPTIONS CONNID FOR SPFLI-CONNID.
PARAMETERS CARRID LIKE SFLIGHT-CARRID FOR TABLE SFLIGHT.
What will be the output, for the above two statements?

Only select-options connid for spfli-carrid will be displayed on the screen.

Consider a report with F1S attribute, what will be the output for the following code. Whether you will get the data from spfli and sflight or not, with corresponding tables
statement,
GET SPFLI.
GET SFLIGHT.
Write:/ spfli-carrid, spfli-connid, sflight-fldate, sbook-bookid.

Yes, you will get the data from spfli and sflight.

Consider a report with F1S attribute, what will be the output of the following code. Whether you will get the data from sbook or not, with corresponding tables statement.
GET SPFLI.
GET SFLIGHT.
Write:/ spfli-carrid, spfli-connid, sflight-fldate, sbook-bookid.

You cannot extract data from sbook.

Identify any errors in the following code and correct the same, and what will be the output. If there exists corresponding tables statement, for spfli, sflight, sbook.
GET SPFLI.
GET SBOOK.
Write:/ spfli-carrid, spfli-connid, sflight-fldate, sbook-bookid, sbook-class.

No syntax errors. You will get data from all the three tables.

Does the following two statements do the same task? If so which one takes less time and which one is recommended.
Select * from spfli where spfli-carrid = ‘LH’ and spfli-connid = ‘400’.
Endselect.
Select * from spfli. Check: spfli-carrid = ‘LH’ and spflid-connid = ‘400’.
Endselect.

-Yes they will do the same task. Second Select statement takes less time and is recommended.

Is there any upper limit (max) to the possible number of nodes in a logical database structure? If so what is the limit?

Yes, there is an upper limit for defining number of nodes in a Logical Database Structure.
Maximum nodes = 1200 / length where length = max. Length of name in the structure.

In the structure of Logical Database nodes at different levels are displayed in the same columns. (T/F) If false what types of nodes are displayed in the same columns. If true what type of nodes are not displayed in the same columns.

False. Nodes at same levels are displayed in the same columns.

What are the advantages of Logical Databases?

It offers an easy-to-use selection screens. You can modify the pre-generated selection screen to your needs. It offers check functions to check whether user input is complete, correct, and plausible. It offers reasonable data selections. It contains central authorization checks for data base accesses. Enhancements such as improved performance immediately apply to all report programs that use the logical database.

Though all the ABAP/4 Dictionary Structures that exists in the structure of the LDB, being defined in Database Program, we are defining the Dictionary Structures in the Report. What is the reason for such declaration?

By declaring so we are providing work areas for data passing between Logical Database and Report. In addition, the logical database configures the selection screen depending on the selection of database tables.

Is it mandatory to declare all the tables in Report by the key word tables for all the tables that exist in the structure of LDB, and are being defined in the Database part of LDB.

No, It is not mandatory to declare all tables in report.

If one wants to access data using Logical Database, the use of events is unavoidable.(T/F).

True.

What are the different attributes that can be assigned to a variant?

The different attributes that can be assigned to a variant are….
Description Enter a short, meaningful description of the variant. This may be upto 30 characters long. Background only Specify whether you want to use the variant in background processing only, or in online environment as well.
Protected variant. Mark the field if you want to protect your variant against being changed by other users. Do not display variant. Mark this field if you want the variant name to be displayed in the catalog only, but not in the
F4 value list. For the selections you cover in a variant, you can enter the following attributes:
Type
The system displays whether the field is a parameter or a select option.
Protected Mark this field for each field on the selection screen you want to protect from being overwritten. Values that you mark this way are displayed to the users, but they cannot change them, that are they are not ready to accept input.
Invisible
If you mark this column, the system will not display the corresponding field on the selection screen the user sees when starting the report program.
Variable
Mark this column if you want to set the value for this field at runtime.

Is it possible to create new dynamic programs during runtime of an ABAP/4 program? If so how?

To create new dynamic programs during the runtime of an ABAP/4 program, you must use an internal table. For this purpose, you should create this internal table with one character type column and a line width of 72. You can use any method you like from Filling Internal Tables to write the code of your new program into the internal table. Especially, you can use internal fields in which contents are dependent on the flow of the program that you use to
create a new one, to influence the coding of the new program dynamically. The following example shows how to proceed in principal:
DATA CODE (72) OCCURS 10.
APPEND ‘REPORT ZDYN1.’
TO CODE.
APPEND ‘WRITE/”Hello, I am dynamically created!”.’
TO CODE.
Two lines of a very simple program are written into the internal table CODE.
In the next step you have to put the new module, in the above example it is a report, into the library. For this purpose you can use the following statement:

If a field string is aligned (Left, centered, right justified etc.), the filler fields are also added to the length of the type C field. (T/F).

True

You cannot assign a local data object defined in a subroutine or function module to a field group. (T/F)

TRUE.

A field group reserves storage space for the fields, and does not contain pointers to existing fields (T/F).

False.

Which function module would you use to check the user’s authorization to access files before opening a file?

AUTHORITY_CHECK_DATASET

Name the function module used to convert logical file names to physical file names in ABAP/4 programs.

FILE_GET_NAME

In subroutines internal tables that are passed by TABLES, are always called by value and result. (T/F)

FALSE. They are called by reference.

INTERACTIVE REPORTING

What is interactive reporting?

It helps you to create easy-to-read lists. You can display an overview list first that contains general information and provide the user with the possibility of choosing detailed information that you display on further lists.

What are the uses of interactive reporting?

The user can actively control data retrieval and display during the session. Instead of an extensive and detailed list, you create a basic list with condensed information from which the user can switch to detailed displays by positioning the cursor and entering commands. The detailed information appears in secondary lists.

What are the event key words in interactive reporting?

AT LINE-SELECTION – Moment at which the user selects a line by
double clicking on it or by positioning the cursor on it and pressing F2.

AT USER-COMMAND – Moment at which the user presses a function
key.

TOP-OF-PAGE DURING LINE-SELECTION – Moment during list processing of a secondary list at which a new page starts.

What is secondary list?

It allows you to enhance the information presented in the basic list. The user can, for example, select a line of the basic list for which he wants to see more detailed information. You display these details on a secondary list. Secondary lists may either overlay the basic list completely or you can display them in an extra window on the screen. The secondary lists can themselves be interactive again.

How to select valid lines for secondary list?

To prevent the user from selecting invalid lines, ABAP/4 offers several possibilities. At the end of the processing block END-OF-SELECTION, delete the contents of one or more fields you previously stored for valid lines using the HIDE statement. At the event AT LINE- SELECTION, check whether the work area is initial or whether the HIDE statement stored
field contents there. After processing the secondary list, clear the work area again. This prevents the user from trying to create further secondary lists from the secondary list displayed.

How to create user interfaces for lists?

The R/3 system automatically, generates a graphical user interface (GUI) for your lists that offers the basic functions for list processing, such as saving or printing the list. If you want to include additional functionality, such as pushbuttons, you must define your own interface status. To create a new status, the Development Workbench offers the Menu Painter. With
the Menu Painter, you can create menus and application toolbars. And you can assign Function Keys to certain functions. At the beginning of the statement block of AT END-OF- SELECTION, active the status of the basic list using the statement: SET PF-STATUS ‘STATUS’

What is interactive reporting?

A classical non-interactive report consists of one program that creates a single list. Instead of one extensive and detailed list, with interactive reporting you create basic list from which the user can call detailed information by positioning the cursor and entering commands. Interactive reporting thus reduces information retrieval to the data actually required.

Can we call reports and transactions from interactive reporting lists?

Yes. It also allows you to call transactions or other reports from lists. These programs then use values displayed in the list as input values. The user can, for example, call a transaction from within a list of change the database table whose data is displayed in the list.

What are system fields for secondary lists?

SY-LSIND Index of the list created during the current event (basic list = 0)
SY-LIST1 Index of the list level from which the event was triggered.
SY-LILL1 Absolute number of the line from which the event was triggered.
SY-LISEL Contents of the line from which the event was triggered.
SY-CUROW Position of the line in the window from which the event was triggered (counting starts with 1)
SY-CUCOL Position of the column in the window from which the event was triggered (counting starts with 2).
SY-CPAGE Page number of the first displayed page of the list from which the event was triggered.
SY-STARO Number of the first line of the first page displayed of the list from which the event was triggered (counting starts with 1). Possibly, a page header occupies this line.
SY-STACO Number of the first column displayed in the list from which the event was triggered (counting starts with 1).
SY-UCOMM Function code that triggered the event.
SY-PFKEY Status of the displayed list.

How to maintain lists?

To return from a high list level to the next-lower level (SY-LSIND), the user chooses Back on a secondary list. The system then releases the currently displayed list and activates the list created one step earlier. The system deletes the contents of the released list. To explicitly specify the list level, into which you want to place output, set the SY-lsind field. The system accepts only index values, which correspond to existing list levels. It then deletes all existing list levels whose index is greater or equal to the index specify. For example, if you set SY- LSIND to 0, the system deletes all secondary lists and overwrites the basic list with the current secondary list.

What are the page headers for secondary lists?

On secondary lists, the system does not display a standard page header and it does not trigger the event. TOP-OF-PAGE. To create page headers for secondary list, you must enhance TOP-OF-PAGE: Syntax TOP-OF-PAGE DURING LINE-SELECTION. The system triggers this event for each secondary list. If you want to create different page headers for
different list levels, you must program the processing block of this event accordingly, for example by using system fields such as SY-LSIND or SY-PFKEY in control statements (IF, CASE).

How to use messages in lists?

ABAP/4 allows you to react to incorrect or doubtful user input by displaying messages that influence the program flow depending on how serious the error was. Handling messages is mainly a topic of dialog programming. You store and maintain messages in Table T100. Messages are sorted by language, by a two-character ID, and by a three-digit number. You can assign different message types to each message you output. The influence of a message on the program flow depends on the message type. In our program, use the MESSAGE statement to output messages statically or dynamically and to determine the message type. Syntax:REPORT MESSAGE-ID .

What are the types of messages?

A message can have five different types. These message types have the following effects during list processing:
.A (=Abend):
.E (=Error) or W (=Warning):
.I (=Information):
.S (=Success):

What are the user interfaces of interactive lists?

If you want the user to communicate with the system during list display, the list must be interactive. You can define specific interactive possibilities in the status of the list’s user interface (GUI). To define the statuses of interfaces in the R/3 system, use the Menu Painter tool. In the Menu Painter, assign function codes to certain interactive functions. After an user action occurs on the completed interface, the ABAP/4 processor checks the function
code and, if valid, triggers the corresponding event.

What are the drill-down features provided by ABAP/4 in interactive lists?

ABAP/4 provides some interactive events on lists such as AT LINE-SELECTION (double click) or AT USER-COMMAND (pressing a button). You can use these events to move through layers of information about individual items in a list.

What is meant by stacked list?

A stacked list is nothing but secondary list and is displayed on a full-size screen unless you have specified its coordinates using the window command.

Is the basic list deleted when the new list is created?

No. It is not deleted and you can return back to it using one of the standard navigation functions like clicking on the back button or the cancel button.

What is meant by hotspots?

A Hotspot is a list area where the mouse pointer appears as an upright hand symbol. When a user points to that area (and the hand cursor is active), a single click does the same thing as a double-click. Hotspots are supported from R/3 release 3.0c.

What is the length of function code at user-command?

Each menu function, push button, or function key has an associated function code of length FOUR (for example, FREE), which is available in the system field SYUCOMM after the user action.

Can we create a gui status in a program from the object browser?

Yes. You can create a GUI STATUS in a program using SET PF-STATUS.

In which system field does the name of current gui status is there?

The name of the current GUI STATUS is available in the system field SY-PFKEY.

Can we display a list in a pop-up screen other than full-size stacked list?

Yes, we can display a list in a pop-up screen using the command WINDOW with the additions starting at X1 Y1 and ending at X2 Y2 to set the upper-left and the lower-right corners where x1 y1 and x2 y2 are the coordinates.

What is meant by hide area?

The hide command temporarily stores the contents of the field at the current line in a system- controlled memory called the HIDE AREA. At an interactive event, the contents of the field are restored from the HIDE AREA.

When the get cursor command used in interactive lists?

If the hidden information is not sufficient to uniquely identify the selected line, the command GET CURSOR is used. The GET CURSOR command returns the name of the field at the cursor position in a field specified after the addition field, and the value of the selected field in a field specified after value.

How can you display frames (horizontal and vertical lines) in lists?

You can display tabular lists with horizontal and vertical lines (FRAMES) using the ULINE command and the system field SY-VLINE. The corners arising at the intersection of horizontal and vertical lines are automatically drawn by the system.

What are the events used for page headers and footers?

The events TOP-OF-PAGE and END-OF-PAGE are used for pager headers and footers.

How can you access the function code from menu painter?

From within the program, you can use the SY-UCOMM system field to access the function code. You can define individual interfaces for your report and assign them in the report to any list level. If you do not specify self-defined interfaces in the report but use at least one of the three interactive event keywords. AT LINE-SELECTION, AT PF, OR AT USER-
COMMAND in the program, the system automatically uses appropriate predefined standard interfaces. These standard interfaces provide the same functions as the standard list described under the standard list.

How the at-user command serves mainly in lists?

The AT USER-COMMAND event serves mainly to handle own function codes. In this case, you should create an individual interface with the Menu Painter and define such function codes.

How to pass data from list to report?

ABAP/4 provides three ways of passing data:
—Passing data automatically using system fields
—Using statements in the program to fetch data
—Passing list attributes

How can you manipulate the presentation and attributes of interactive lists?

—Scrolling through Interactive Lists.
—Setting the Cursor from within the Program.
—Modifying List Lines.
Transaction

How to call other programs?

Report
Call and return SUBMIT AND RETURN CALL TRANSACTION
LEAVE TO TRANSACTION
Call without return SUBMIT
You can use these statements in any ABAP/4 program.

What will exactly the hide statement do?

For displaying the details on secondary lists requires that you have previously stored the contents of the selected line from within the program. To do this, ABAP/4 provides the HIDE statement. This statement stores the current field contents for the current list line. When calling a secondary list from a list line for which the HIDE fields are stored, the system fills the stored values back into the variables in the program. In the program code, insert the HIDE statement directly after the WRITE statement for the current line.
Interactive lists provide the user with the so-called ‘INTERACTIVE REPORTING’ facility. For background processing the only possible method of picking the relevant data is through ‘NON INTERACTIVE REPORT’ . After starting a background job, there is no way of influencing the program. But whereas for dialog sessions there are no such restrictions.

How many lists can a program can produce?

Each program can produce up to 21 lists: one basic list and 20 secondary lists. If the user creates a list on the next level (that is, SY-LSIND increases), the system stores the previous list and displays the new one. Only one list is active, and that is always the most recently created list.

TRANSACTIONS

What is a transaction?

A transaction is dialog program that change data objects in a consistant way.

What are the requirements a dialog program must fulfill?

A dialog program must fulfil the following requirements

a user friendly user interface.

Format and consistancey checks for the data entered by the user.

Easy correction of input errors.

Access to data by storing it in the data bases.

What are the basic components of dialog program?

Screens (Dynpros)

Each dialog in an SAP system is controlled by dynpros.A dynpros consists of a screen
And its flow logic and controls exactly one dialog step.

ABAP/4 module Pool.
Each dynpro refers to exactly one ABAP/4 dialog program .Such a dialog program is also called
a module pool ,since it consists of interactive modules.

What is PBO and PAI events?

PBO- Process Before Output-It determines the flow logic before displaying the screen.
PAI-Process After Input-It determines the flowlogic after the display of the screen and after receiving inputs
from the User.

What is dynpro?What are its components ?

• A dynpro (Dynamic Program) consists of a screen and its flow logic and controls exactly one
  dialog steps.
• The different components of the dynpro are :
  Flow Logic: calls of the ABAP/4 modules for a screen .
  Screen layout:Positions of the text ,fields,pushbuttons and so on for a screen
  Screen Attributes:Number of the screen,number of the subsequent screen,and others
  Fields attributes :Definition of the attributes of the individual fields on a screen.

What is a ABAP/4 module pool?

-Each dynpro refers to exactly one ABAP/4 dialog program.Such a dialog program is also called
a module pool ,since it consists on interactive modules.

Can we use WRITE statements in screen fields?if not how is data transferred from field data to screen fields?

We cannot write field data to the screen using the WRITE statement.The system instead transfers data by comparing screen fields names with ABAP/4 variable names.If both names are the same,it transfers screen fields values to ABAP/4 programs fields and Vice Versa.This happens immediately after
displaying the screen.

Can we use flow logic control key words in ABAP/4 and vice-versa?

The flow control of a dynpro consists os a few statements that syntactically ressemble ABAP/4 statements .However ,We cannot use flow control keywords in ABAP/4 and vice-versa.

What is GUI status? How to create /Edit GUI status?

A GUI status is a subset of the interface elements used for a certain screen.The status comprises
those elements that are currently needed by the transaction .The GUI status for a transaction may be composed
of the following elements:
-Title bar.
-Mneu bar.
-Application tool bar
-Push buttons.
To create and edit GUI status and GUI title,we use the Menu Painter.

How does the interection between the Dynpro and the ABAP/4 Modules takes place?

A transaction is a collection os screens and ABAP/4 routines ,controlled and executed by a Dialog processor.The Dilaog processor processes screen after the screen ,thereby triggering the appropriate ABAP/4 processing of each screen .For each screen,the system executes the flow logic that contains the
corresponding ABAP/4 processing.The controls passes from screen flow logic to ABAP/4 code and back.

How does the Dialog handle user requests?

when an action is performed ,the system triggers the PROCESS AFTER INPUT event.The data passed includes field screen data data entered by the user and a function code. A functioncode is a technical name that has been allocated in a screen Painter or Menu Painter to a meny entry,a push
button,the ENTER key or a function Key of a screen.An internal work field(ok-code)in the PAI module evaluates the function code,and the appropriate action is taken.

What is to be defined for a push button fields in the screen attributes?

A function code has to be defined in the screen attributes for the push buttons in a screen.

How are the function code handles in Flow Logic?

When the User selects a function in a transaction ,the system copies the function code into a specially designated work field called OK_CODE.This field is Global in ABAP/4 Module Pool.The OK_CODE can then be evaluated in the corresponding PAI module. The function code is always passed in Exactly the same way , regardless of Whether it comes from a screen’s pushbutton,a menu option ,function key or other GUI element.

What controls the screen flow?

The SET SCREEN and LEAVE SCREEN statements controls screen flow

The Function code currently active is ascertained by what Variable?

The function code currently active in a Program can be ascertained from the SY-UCOMM Variable.

The function code currently active is ascertained by what variable ?

By SY-UCOMM Variable.

What are the “field” and “chain” Statements?

The FIELD and CHAIN flow logic statements let you Program Your own checks.FIELD and CHAIN tell the system Which fields you are checking and Whether the System should Perform Checks in the flow logic or call an ABAP/4 Module.

What is an “on input filed” statements?

ON INPUT – The ABAP/4 module is called only if a field contains the Value other than the initial Value.This initial Value is determined by the filed’s Dta Type: blanks for character Fields,Zeroes for numerics. If the user changes the Fields Value back t o its initial value,ON INPUT does not trigger a call.

What is an “on request Field” statement?

ON REQUEST – The ABAP/4 Module is called only if the user has entered the value in the field value since the last screen display .The Value counts as changed Even if the User simply types in the value that was already there .In general ,the ON REQUEST condition is triggered through any
Form of” MANUAL INPUT’.

What is an on”*-input filed” statement?

ON *-INPUT

The ABAP/4 module is called if the user has entered the “*” in the first character of the field, and the field has the attribute *-entry in the screen Painter.You can use this option in Exceptional cases where you want to check only fields with certain Kinds of Input.